What is shorthand writing

Proofreading symbols These are the commonly used proofreading symbols.

Both "ie" and "oi" are written in first position, while "ow" and "ew" are written in third position. In the same way, the whole outline is placed above, on or through the paper's ruled line.

If the diphthong is followed by a neutral vowel, a little flick is added. Other shapes[ edit ] Circles The circles are of two sizes — small and large. Small circle represents 's' sing and 'z' gaze. Big circle represents 'ses' and 'swa'.

If the big circle comes initially in the stroke it represents 'swa' sweep, but not sway. Elsewhere it represents 'ses' the vowel in the middle can be any of the vowel or diphthong crisis, crises and exercise.

If the vowel is anything other than 'e' then it must be represented inside the circle. Loops The loops are of two sizes — small and big.

Shorthand - Wikipedia

The small loop What is shorthand writing 'st' and 'sd' cost and based — pronounced stee loop. The big loop represents 'ster' master and masterpiece. Small hooks At the start. For straight strokes pee, bee, tee, dee, chay, jay, kay and gay the hook comes in both the sides of the stroke.

Hook in clockwise direction represents 'r' after the stroke tray, Nichrome, bigger.

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Hook in counter-clockwise direction represents 'l' after the stroke ply, amplify, angle. For curved strokes eff, vee, ith, thee, ish, zhee, em, en, ing the hook is written in before the stroke is written and it represents 'r' after the stroke other, measure, manner, every.

Hook in clockwise direction represents 'en' after the stroke train, chin, genuine.

Hook in counter-clockwise direction represents 'eff' or 'vee' after the stroke pave, calf, toughen. For curved strokes eff, vee, ith, thee, ish, zhee, em, en, ing the hook is written in after the stroke is written and it represents 'n' after the stroke men, thin.

Shun hook The shun hook is written on the right hand side of a simple t, d or j. The big hook after any stroke represents 'shun', 'zhun' etc. For straight strokes with initial circle or loop or hook, the shun hook is written in opposite direction section. Depression and depletion have shun hooks in different directions.

For simple straight strokes, the shun hook is written in the direction opposite to the occurrence of the vowel. Caution and auction have shun hooks in different directions.

For curved strokes, the shun hook is written after the stroke, continuing the curve motion, notion. To represent the sound s-shun as in sessation, decision, musician etc.

Other hooks Big hook for 'wh'. The big hook in the beginning of the stroke way represents 'wh' whine. The small hook before ell represents 'way' before it well. The big hook before ell represents 'wh' before it while.

The halving principle may be combined with an initial or final hook or both to make words such as "trained" appear as a single short vertical light stroke with an initial and final hook. There are some exceptions to avoid ambiguous forms: Doubling of curved strokes If ter, der, ture, ther, dher comes in the word the preceding stroke is written double the size matter, nature, mother.

There are exceptions to avoid ambiguous forms: Doubling of straight strokes the doubling principle has an exception when "ter" et al. Doubling is not employed in that case cadre.

If it has more than one stroke before "ter" et al.

A Writing Sample of Pitman Shorthand

Cultural references[ edit ] The protagonist of David R. Palmer 's novels Emergence and Tracking purportedly writes her journals in Pitman Shorthand, declaring it the "best, potentially fastest, most versatile of various pen systems". This second Australian edition of the Instructor commemorates the centenary of the system of shorthand invented by Sir Isaac Pitman, who, inpublished his first treatise on the art.Ford Improved Shorthand ™ Learn to write shorthand in 15 minutes using the latest and best method for the modern user like you.

I collected this writing sample of Pitman Shorthand from an unknown Web-site. The text illustrates the freedom of choice advanced Pitman writers may have in combining outlines together, or not.

Effective Speed Writing

Anyone who examines the Shorthand textbooks of the last three centuries will be impressed with the fact that they have reflected the uses to which shorthand was put at the time the books were written.

The instruction The mark in the margin The mark in the copy; Text to be inserted: The text and then: Additional text supplied separately: A letter in a diamond identifying the supplied text, e.g.

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CHAPTER I. Unit 1 1. Shorthand is written by sound; thus aim is written am (long sound of a), cat is written kat, knee is written ashio-midori.com we are learning shorthand to save time in writing, it is necessary to ignore those letters that aren't pronounced.