The alkaline earths and the halogens

This is expressed by the law of periodicity.

Isotopes[ edit ] Fluorine has one stable and naturally occurring isotopefluorine However, there are trace amounts in nature of the radioactive isotope fluorine, which occurs via cluster decay of protactinium A total of eighteen isotopes of fluorine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 14 to Chlorine has two stable and naturally occurring isotopeschlorine and chlorine However, there are trace amounts in nature of the isotope chlorinewhich occurs via spallation of argon A total of 24 isotopes of chlorine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 28 to A total of 32 isotopes of bromine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging 67 to There is one stable and naturally occurring isotope of iodineiodine However, there are trace amounts in nature of the radioactive isotope iodinewhich occurs via spallation and from the radioactive decay of uranium in ores.

Several other radioactive isotopes of iodine have also been created naturally via the decay of uranium. A total of 38 isotopes of iodine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from to However, there are three naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of astatine produced via radioactive decay of uraniumneptuniumand plutonium.

These isotopes are astatine, astatine, and astatine A total of 31 isotopes of astatine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from to Four hundred-thousand metric tons of hydrofluoric acid are made each year.

Fluorine gas is made from hydrofluoric acid produced as a by-product in phosphoric acid manufacture. Approximately 15, metric tons of fluorine gas are made per year.

Forty million metric tons of chlorine are produced each year by the electrolysis of brine. Historically, bromine was produced by adding sulfuric acid and bleaching powder to natural brine.

However, in modern times, bromine is produced by electrolysis, a method invented by Herbert Dow. It is also possible to produce bromine by passing chlorine through seawater and then passing air through the seawater.

Until the s, iodine was extracted from kelp. However, in modern times, iodine is produced in other ways.

Philosophy of Science

One way that iodine is produced is by mixing sulfur dioxide with nitrate ores, which contain some iodates. Iodine is also extracted from natural gas fields. Chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. Fluorine could not be included in the image due to its high reactivityand astatine due to its radioactivity.

Applications[ edit ] Both chlorine and bromine are used as disinfectants for drinking water, swimming pools, fresh wounds, spas, dishes, and surfaces. They kill bacteria and other potentially harmful microorganisms through a process known as sterilization.

Their reactivity is also put to use in bleaching. Sodium hypochloritewhich is produced from chlorine, is the active ingredient of most fabric bleaches, and chlorine-derived bleaches are used in the production of some paper products.

Periodic Table Key

Chlorine also reacts with sodium to create sodium chloridewhich is table salt. Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp using a tungsten filament in bulbs that have a small amounts of a halogen, such as iodine or bromine added. This enables the production of lamps that are much smaller than non-halogen incandescent lightbulbs at the same wattage.

The gas reduces the thinning of the filament and blackening of the inside of the bulb resulting in a bulb that has a much greater life.

Halogen lamps glow at a higher temperature to kelvins with a whiter color than other incandescent bulbs. However, this requires bulbs to be manufactured from fused quartz rather than silica glass to reduce breakage.

It follows that there is a tendency for some halogenated drugs to accumulate in adipose tissue. The chemical reactivity of halogen atoms depends on both their point of attachment to the lead and the nature of the halogen. Aromatic halogen groups are far less reactive than aliphatic halogen groups, which can exhibit considerable chemical reactivity.

For aliphatic carbon-halogen bonds, the C-F bond is the strongest and usually less chemically reactive than aliphatic C-H bonds.Philosophy of Science.

A few miles farther on, we came to a big, gravelly roadcut that looked like an ashfall, a mudflow, glacial till, and fresh oatmeal, imperfectly blended. "I don't know what this glop is," [Kenneth Deffeyes] said, in final capitulation.

Periodic Table of Elements - Elements Database Periodic Table Our periodic table of chemical elements presents complete information on the chemical elements including the chemical element symbol, atomic number, atomic weight and description.

Halogen - Wikipedia

Experiment 2: The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens: Two Families in the Periodic Table Lab Report By: YOU Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to find the relative solubilities of some salts of the Alkaline Earths and use that information to find the order which they appear in the periodic table; also use that information to efficiently find an unknown alkaline earth .

Apr 21,  · In this experiment the properties of elements in the alkaline earth metal and halogen families will be studied and this data used to identify an unknown salt consisting of an alkaline earth metal. The halogens (/ ˈ h æ l ə dʒ ə n, ˈ h eɪ-, -l oʊ-, -ˌ dʒ ɛ n /) are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).

The artificially created element (tennessine, Ts) may also be a ashio-midori.com the modern IUPAC nomenclature, this group is known as group Alkaline Earth Metals and the Halogens Introduction: The alkaline earth metals include magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium.

The halogens include chlorine, bromine and .